Author: ssgeneralsilva10

I have been grappling with the idea of humans finding and communicating with intelligent extraterrestrial (ET) life for some time now. In fact, I have published two books on the subject, ET Communication Code and Angel Communication Code. You can find a lot of related information and additional articles posted on my website, The ET Communication Group (ECG). Yup, I got it all figured out.

Based on all the research, contact seems inevitable. Lately, however, I have been asking myself what would happen if it never happened. What if we never find any “proof” for the existence of intelligent ET life out there? Arthur C. Clarke put it in the simplest terms.

“Two possibilities exist: Either we are alone in the Universe, or we are not. Both are equally terrifying”. Arthur C. Clarke.

Finding evidence of life beyond Earth has yielded strong clues and promising leads. However, it has not yet yielded what the contemporary scientific community considers irrefutable proof. This is an ongoing scientific debate.

But what if our search for ET life ultimately fails? What if we find nothing despite our best efforts and the vast resources dedicated to the pursuit? This scenario may seem unlikely, given the sheer expanse of the cosmos and the multitude of potentially habitable planets scattered throughout the galaxy. However, it is a possibility that we must consider.

There is more than sufficient evidence, in my opinion, to hypothesize that intelligent ET life exists. In addition, that various ET species have occupied Earth and influenced humanity. To me, the issue is about establishing communication, not whether intelligent ETs exist or not.

It all comes down to the difference between evidence and proof.

In all the material I have researched about the cosmos and ETs, I have found that the terms evidence and proof are often used interchangeably. However, it is essential to understand that there is a clear distinction between the two concepts. The way I understand it, evidence refers to the information presented to support a claim or hypothesis. This evidence can come in various forms, such as empirical data, expert opinions, statistics, or anecdotal accounts. It is used to build a case for or against a particular argument.

On the other hand, proof has a higher validation standard requiring conclusive and irrefutable evidence. Proof establishes the truth or validity of a statement beyond any reasonable doubt. In other words, proof is a level of certainty that leaves no room for skepticism or uncertainty.

Evidence is essential for generating hypotheses and forming theories, while proof is required to solidify those theories and establish them as accepted knowledge. In the scientific method, evidence is gathered through experiments and observations to support a hypothesis.

Once enough evidence is accumulated and the hypothesis is rigorously tested and verified, it can be considered proven. It is a process. Evidence leads to a hypothesis, which is tested via experimentation to get proof—the truth.

Failure to follow the scientific method is a foundational argument in both of my books regarding establishing ET communication. In my books, I present an experiment to test the hypothesis. It is my hope and dream that some entity with sufficient resources to execute the experiment takes on the challenge. My hypothesis and how I arrived at it are definitely outside the box thinking. That is the whole point. To think about it from a different perspective.

Evidence is the foundation upon which arguments are built, while proof is the final confirmation of their validity. It is necessary to support claims and theories, but proof must establish those claims as undeniable facts. Understanding the crucial difference between evidence and proof is essential for conducting credible research and advancing knowledge in any field.

If we never find ET life, intelligent or otherwise, it will raise profound questions about our place in the universe. On the one hand, it could reinforce the idea that life in the cosmos is scarce, making Earth and humanity even more special. On the other hand, it might mean that we’re simply looking in the wrong places or using the wrong methods. The latter is how I have approached the topic in my books.

Finding nothing or the “null result” will shift the focus to the more profound mysteries of existence. I recently wrote about The Concept of Oneness and a Connected Universe.

The biggest issue is the scientific assumption that all life in the universe requires the same things humans need to live. What if not all life in the cosmos is “biological” as we understand biology on Earth. They may be sniffing the wrong holes altogether.

Are we truly alone? Is intelligent life (as we know it) doomed to be fleeting? What does it mean for our long-term future? For many, this opens the door to discussions about the “after life”. There are many variations amongst humans on what that means.

Some scientists argue that a lack of discovery wouldn’t necessarily mean ET life doesn’t exist. It would mean it’s much harder to detect than we expected. Then again, depending on your spiritual beliefs, it may not be hard at all.

In any scenario, the search will continue shaping technological advances, space exploration, and our understanding of life’s origins. Even if we never find ETs, the quest might still transform human civilization in ways we can’t yet predict.

We have spent decades building advanced equipment to search for life on other planets and have come up empty-handed thus far. I found a recent study led by ETH Zurich researchers, including the corresponding author and SETI Institute affiliate, Dr. Daniel Angerhausen. “What if We Find Nothing? Bayesian Analysis of the Statistical Information of Null Results in Future Exoplanet Habitability and Biosignature Surveys” by Angerhausen et al. is published in The Astronomical Journal. They explored what we can learn about life in the universe, even if we never detect irrefutable “proof” of life or habitability.

Using advanced statistical modeling, the research team sought to explore how many exoplanets scientists should observe and understand before declaring that life beyond Earth is either ordinary or nonexistent. It is a difficult read, but if you can stay with it, it is very insightful.

“Even a single positive detection would change everything—but until then, we need to make sure we’re learning as much as possible from what we don’t find,” said Angerhausen. 

Sometimes, even not finding something in scientific experimentation can yield important insights. Thomas Edison once said, “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.“

Scientists searching for life on exoplanets often focus on finding specific features. They look for signs of water or gases like oxygen and methane. These are things that indicate biological activity. But what happens if scientists don’t find any of these features? Can we still learn something meaningful about how everyday life might be in the universe?

The Angerhausen study showed that if scientists examine 40–80 planets and find no signs of life, they can confidently conclude that fewer than 10–20% of similar planets harbor life. However, this depends heavily on how certain we are about each observation. Such a finding would enable scientists to put a meaningful upper limit on the prevalence of life in the universe, which hasn’t been possible to date.

Further, if even only 10% of planets in the Milky Way alone have some form of life, that could still be 10 billion planets or more. The sheer numbers are mind-boggling, at least to me.

“This kind of result would be a turning point,” said lead author Angerhausen. “Even if we don’t find life, we’ll finally be able to quantify how rare, or common, planets with detectable biosignatures might be.”

Their findings directly impact upcoming missions like NASA’s Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) and the European-led Large Interferometer for Exoplanets (LIFE). These missions will study dozens of Earth-like planets by examining their atmospheres for signs of water, oxygen, and even more complex biosignatures.

According to the study, the number of planets observed will be large enough to draw significant conclusions about the prevalence of habitability and life in our galactic neighborhood. However, the study also points out that even with advanced instruments, these surveys must carefully account for uncertainties and biases.

“It’s not just about how many planets we observe; it’s about how confident we can be in seeing or not seeing what we are searching for,” said Angerhausen. “If we’re not careful and are overconfident in our abilities to identify life, even a large survey could lead to misleading results.”

The study emphasizes that framing the right questions is crucial for meaningful results. Broadly asking, “How many planets have life?” is probably not the right question. It might be better to ask more specific and measurable questions like “Which fraction of rocky planets in the conservative habitable zone show clear signs of water vapor, methane, and oxygen?”

You might be asking why any of these things matter. I know I did.

Even if future surveys don’t find evidence of ET life, they will still provide valuable insights into the universe’s rare or common habitable conditions. If we consider uncertainties and ask the right questions, scientists can turn null results into powerful tools for understanding our place in the cosmos.

ET life may exist in forms vastly different from anything we have encountered on Earth. Maybe it is not carbon based as we are. Life may exist in environments that are inhospitable to us or in forms that are difficult to detect using our current methods. The universe is vast and diverse, and the possibilities for life are virtually endless.

One of the most immediate consequences of finding nothing in our search for ETs would be reevaluating our methods and approaches. Scientists and researchers need to reassess their search strategies, refine their techniques, and explore new avenues of investigation.

While a null result forces us to reevaluate our assumptions and approaches, it does not definitively rule out the existence of ET life. The search for ET life is an ongoing and complex endeavor, and our understanding of the cosmos constantly evolves. Only time will tell what discoveries await us as we continue to explore the mysteries of the universe.

I hope I am alive when contact is made to establish ET communication. I also hope they are friendly. 

Sources:

1. Trochim, William M. K. The Research Methods Knowledge Base. Atomic Dog Publishing, 2000.
2. Angerhausen et al. What if We Find Nothing? Bayesian Analysis of the Statistical Information of Null Results in Future Exoplanet Habitability and Biosignature Surveys. The Astronomical Journal. April 2025  
3. Schwartz, Richard D. (2017). “The Search for ET Life: A Brief History.” Astronomy Magazine. Retrieved from https://astronomy.com/news/2017/05/the-search-for-ET-life
4. Loeb, Avi (2020). “ET: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth”. Mariner Books.
5. Vakoch, Douglas A. (ed.) (2018). “Astrobiology, History, and Society: Life Beyond Earth and the Impact of Discovery”. Springer.
6. Davies, Paul (2011). “The Eerie Silence: Renewing Our Search for Alien Intelligence”. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

For centuries, the universe’s interconnectedness has fascinated scholars, philosophers, and spiritual seekers. The idea that everything in the universe is connected in some grand cosmic web has been explored in various religious and philosophical traditions and scientific theories. 

I think about these things more as the days go by. I am seeing and feel the effects of the years on my body and soul. Where does all this lead, or does it lead anywhere at all? All I have researched and wondered about on this matter tells me that there must be much more out there than I realize. There has to be a connection that transcends our physical limitations and biological shelf-life. My faith says yes.

In trying to understand the universe’s interconnectedness, I have gotten my head around the complexity and vastness of the cosmos. There is a lot of information readily available on the subject. The universe is obviously a vast and mysterious. An expanse filled with billions of galaxies, stars, planets, and phenomena. The numbers and distances are mind-numbing. It is all very difficult to grasp. However, to keep it reasonably simple in my head, I look at the universe as I see the Earth. A finely tuned system in which every element is somehow connected to every other component of a web of interdependence.

This interconnection is seen at the macro level in the movements of celestial bodies and the forces that govern the cosmos. It is also seen at the micro level, in the interactions of subatomic particles and the subtle energies that underlie our physical reality.

Many people believe everything in the universe is connected through the concept of oneness or unity. Spiritual traditions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Indigenous belief systems, emphasize the interconnectedness of all beings. they believe there is an underlying unity of existence.

Many have tried to define “existence” over the centuries. Some view it as purely physical—the tangible, observable universe. Others explore deeper meanings, such as consciousness and perception.

In philosophy, existence is often discussed through questions like: Do things exist independently of our perception?

What does it mean to exist? Is existence finite or infinite? Thinkers like René Descartes famously said, “I think, therefore I am,” suggesting that thinking confirms one’s existence. I believe existence is way more complex. Rocks exist in my world, but I’m not convinced they also think.

In science, existence takes on another layer, touching space, time, matter, and quantum mechanics. The universe emerged from the mysterious phenomenon of existence, but what came before it? Does existence require an observer? These are seemingly impossible questions to answer.

The concept is a central theme in the fictional Star Wars franchise. It is described as a mystical energy field that binds the galaxy together. It is physical and spiritual, giving those attuned to it incredible abilities, like enhanced perception, telekinesis, and even precognition. The Force has two sides. The Light Side, associated with peace, wisdom, and selflessness. Then there is the Dark Side, fueled by anger, fear, and personal ambition. It is the ancient good versus evil battle brought into the future.

Think about that in context with all the bad things going on in the world today. It makes me wonder which side is winning right now.

 “The Force is what gives a Jedi its power. It’s an energy field created by all living things. It surrounds us and penetrates us; it binds the galaxy together.“-Obi-Wan Kenobi.

I am a churchgoing Christian, and that comes with specific hopes and beliefs, such as good and evil. It is not hard for me to relate to the idea of a “Light Side” in conflict with a “Dark Side.” However, it does not mean I disbelieve the traditions of other religions.

This is the root of my intellectual struggle with universal connection. Does there have to be a right or wrong concerning spiritual beliefs? It may be a matter of perception leading all of us to the same place after we take our last breath.

We can only wonder where that place might be and in what form it exists. As a Christian, I call that place Heaven. The place where God also lives. Buddhists call it Parinirvana, the final, complete nirvana that happens after a being passes away. There are other places depending on one’s belief system. It is complicated and beyond the scope of this article.

For some, this concept of oneness suggests that all beings and phenomena are ultimately connected at a deep level of consciousness or energy. Separation for them is an illusion created by the mind. In this view, everything in the universe is part of a greater whole, and each individual is a unique creation of divine or cosmic energy.

In addition to the concept of oneness, the universe’s interconnectedness is evident in how energy flows through the cosmos. Energy is the underlying substance of the universe, responsible for all forms of matter and movement, as far as we know at least. In various spiritual traditions, including Chinese medicine, yoga, and Reiki, it is believed that energy flows through the body and the environment in specific pathways known as meridians, nadis, or chakras. This energy flow is interconnected with the movements of the stars, planets, and nature’s elemental forces.

From a purely scientific perspective, the concept of oneness is also echoed in scientific theories like quantum physics, which posits that all particles in the universe are interconnected through a field of energy and information. Quantum entanglement, for example, suggests that particles can be connected across vast distances and influence each other instantaneously.

This is counter to our classical notions of causality. Some have described this phenomenon as evidence of a deeper level of interconnectedness in the universe, where everything is connected in a mysterious and non-local way. It is the scientific theory of non-locality, a term I discovered while researching this article. Of course, I had to dig deeper.

Non-locality is a concept in quantum physics that describes the ability of particles to be correlated or connected regardless of the distance between them. This phenomenon challenges our classical understanding of physics, which is based on the idea that events are local, and that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light. Non-locality suggests that particles can influence each other instantaneously, even if they are separated by vast distances.

One of the most well-known examples of non-locality is quantum entanglement, in which two particles become connected so that their properties are correlated, no matter how far apart. Experiments have demonstrated that entangled particles affect each other’s states instantaneously, even over long distances.

The implications of non-locality are profound and have led to significant shifts in scientific understanding of the nature of reality. Non-locality may be a key factor in developing quantum computers, which rely on particles’ ability to exist in multiple states simultaneously.

Quantum computers are a revolutionary type of computing technology that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations exponentially faster than traditional computers. Unlike classical computers that use bits (which can be either 0 or 1), quantum computers use qubits (quantum bits), which can exist simultaneously in multiple states due to something called superposition. The development of this technology, however, is still in its infancy.

Despite its mysterious nature, non-locality has been supported by numerous experiments and has been a topic of intense study and debate in quantum physics. While there is still much to be understood about this phenomenon, it has opened up a new realm of possibilities for the future of physics and our understanding of the universe.

The interconnectedness of energy in the universe is described in terms of various fields and forces that govern the interactions of particles and matter. For example, the electromagnetic field is responsible for the interactions of charged particles, while the gravitational field regulates the movements of celestial bodies. In addition, other fields, like the strong and weak nuclear forces, mediate interactions at the subatomic level. These fields and forces are interconnected in complex ways, forming a unified field of energy that underlies all physical phenomena.

The universe’s interconnectedness can also be seen in the patterns and structures that emerge at different scales of reality. In nature, we find fractal patterns that repeat themselves in various forms, from the branching of trees to the spirals of galaxies.

These patterns are not random but result from underlying self-organization and emergence principles. In chaos theory, for example, it is posited that complex patterns can emerge from simple nonlinear equations, forming intricate structures. I go into these things in great detail in my book, Angel Communication Code.

The concept of emergence is also central to the idea that everything in the universe is connected. Emergence refers to the phenomenon in which complex systems exhibit properties and behaviors that are not present in their individual components. This can be seen in the emergence of consciousness from the interactions of neurons in the brain or the emergence of social structures from the interactions of individual humans. These emergent phenomena suggest that the universe is a dynamic and interconnected system in which higher levels of organization and complexity can arise from simple interactions at lower levels.

At the same time, the universe’s interconnectedness is also reflected in the concept of Synchronicity.

Synchronicity, a term coined by psychologist Carl Jung, refers to meaningful coincidences that occur in seemingly random events. These synchronicities are often interpreted as signs of a deeper order or connection in the universe, where events are linked by a web of meaning and significance. In this view, Synchronicity manifests the interconnectedness of all things, where the boundaries between the self and the world dissolve in moments of profound insight or revelation.

In simpler terms, Synchronicity is where seemingly unrelated events align in meaningful ways. Here are three examples:

• Thinking About Someone, then they call – You randomly think about an old friend you haven’t spoken to in years. Moments later, your phone rings, and it’s them. It feels like more than a coincidence.
• Finding the right book at the right time – You’re struggling with a decision and go into a bookstore or library. Without searching, your eyes land on a book that perfectly addresses your situation. You open it to a passage that gives you the guidance you need.
• Perfect timing in music – You’re humming a song in your head as you walk into a store. The moment you step in, the song starts playing over the speakers. It’s almost like the universe is tuned in to your thoughts.

We can all think of times when things like this have happened to us at some point.

Interconnectedness is also evident in how living beings are connected to each other and the environment. In ecology, the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems is a central principle, highlighting the interdependence of all living beings in a web of life. The Gaia hypothesis, proposed by scientist James Lovelock, suggests that the Earth is a living organism in which all living beings are interconnected and interdependent. This view challenges the traditional notion of the Earth as a passive and inert planet and instead sees it as a dynamic and interconnected system that responds to environmental changes.

The universe’s interconnectedness is a profound and mysterious phenomenon that transcends conventional notions of separation and isolation. From the concept of oneness in spiritual traditions to the principles of energy flow and emergence in science, the interconnectedness of all things points to a deeper order and unity in the cosmos. It is a lot of heavy stuff to get your head around.

As a boy, I imagined myself thinking more about trout fishing if fortunate enough to live as an old man. Today, I am lucky to be in reasonably good health and positioned for a reasonably comfortable retirement. Good Lord willing, it is within our grasp for my wife and I to enjoy together. As I approach closer and closer to my retirement days, however, I find myself more drawn to philosophical and spiritual pursuits that emphasize the interconnectedness of all beings. It’s about finding solace in the idea that I have always been part of something greater than myself. 

This awareness of interconnectedness gives me gratitude for the people and experiences that have enriched my life thus far. In addition, it provides me with humility and helps me recognize my influence on others. I can feel a true sense of belonging and interconnectedness with the world around me. A bigger world than I can see with my eyes.

When I grapple with difficult concepts, I often look to the ancients for wisdom. A simpler perspective, back-to-basics concept that inspired my first book, Extraterrestrial Communication Code.

After doing all the research for this article, I looked back to Hipparchus’s words to put it all in a simple perspective. Hipparchus of Nicea (190 -120 BCE) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician regarded as the greatest astronomer of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time. He is best known for his discovery of the precession of the equinoxes and contributed significantly to the field of astronomy. I believe all my pondering for this article can be summarized in his simple words.

“We are all connected, like the stars in a constellation. Let us appreciate the interconnectedness of all things and strive for unity.”  Hipparchus of Nicea

People are going to believe what they believe on this matter in accordance with their belief system. The only truth we can confirm is that we are not going to know where we are going until we get there.

For me, the important thing is to have faith in the belief that I am going somewhere. How I conduct myself in this life will determine where. 

Perhaps I just think too much, and I should just accept Hipparchus’s wisdom and return to my boyhood vision of trout fishing at this age. 

Stephen J. Silva-

My website, The Extraterrestrial Communication Group (ECG), contains a lot of other interesting information and ideas about the universe and the people of science throughout history.

Sources:

Capra, F. (1982). The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism. Berkeley, CA: Shambhala Publications.

Chopra, D. (1991). Unconditional Life: Mastering the Forces That Shape Personal Reality. New York, NY: Bantam Books.

Jung, C. G. (1960). Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Lovelock, J. E. (1979). Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Chopra, Deepak. “The Book of Secrets: Unlocking the Hidden Dimensions of Your Life.” Harmony, 2004.

 

Humans have a long and complex history of conflict and war. The “warlike mentality” often stems from survival instincts, resource competition, cultural and ideological differences, and the drive for power or dominance. Historically, these traits have been destructive and formative, shaping nations, societies, and technological advancements.

Ironically, while conflict has been a recurring theme, so has the pursuit of peace. Throughout history, humans have sought to resolve disputes through diplomacy, collaboration, and establishing laws and peace agreements.

It is the ultimate duality: the need for both war and peace are built into the human equation. Knowing this, I would like to know if humans can avoid wars as we venture into outer space, or is the duality of conflict and peace a necessity built into our DNA?

As humanity continues to explore the cosmos, the question of whether it is possible to achieve a future world without war in space becomes increasingly relevant and pressing. Space has long been idealized as a domain for peaceful exploration and cooperation, but the reality of geopolitical tensions and militarization in space complicates this ideological vision. The entire Star Trek franchise is built around the duality of conflict and peace in the cosmos. There are many examples.

Space has long been considered the “final frontier,” a cosmos of infinite possibilities and mysteries waiting to be explored. Like conflict and peace, exploration is also in our DNA, so we go onward and outward. Exploration has been a defining trait of humanity throughout history. I published an article about this on my website some time ago entitled “Why do we explore the Universe.”

Historically speaking, exploration is the first step toward the duality of war and peace. Our ancestors roamed vast lands for resources, opportunities, and the unknown. This drive for discovery played a key role in our survival and evolution.

It is essential to recognize that the human thirst for exploration isn’t just to achieve wealth and power. It is also an intellectual pursuit. We seek to understand the mysteries of the universe, from the depths of the oceans to the farthest reaches of space. This curiosity is evident in our art, science, philosophy, and technology, shaping the world we live in today.

Recognizing that humans wiring includes circuits for cooperation, empathy, and problem-solving is essential. Our ability to form alliances, build communities, and resolve conflicts peacefully has been just as vital for our success as a species as any other ability we possess. While aggression may be a part of our evolutionary history, it doesn’t mean warfare in the future is inevitable or immutable.

The militarization of space has been debated for decades, with many concerns about the implications of weaponizing the heavens.

The history of space exploration is intertwined with military endeavors stemming from the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The launch of Sputnik in 1957 marked the beginning of the space race, as both superpowers sought to demonstrate their technological prowess and military capabilities. The development of ballistic missiles and reconnaissance satellites further blurred the line between civilian and military uses of space.

The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 was a landmark agreement that sought to prevent the weaponization of space and preserve it for peaceful purposes. I expand on this idea of “who owns space” in an article I published on my website.

Signed by over 100 countries, the treaty prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction in orbit and also the establishment of military bases on celestial bodies. However, the treaty has been criticized for lacking enforcement mechanisms and loopholes that could allow for deploying conventional weapons in space.

Despite the Outer Space Treaty, the specter of conflict in space looms large as nations continue to develop and deploy military capabilities in orbit. Anti-satellite weapons, space-based lasers, and other technology can disrupt and destroy critical assets such as communication satellites and GPS systems. The growing dependence on satellites for navigation, communication, and surveillance means that any disruption could have far-reaching consequences for global security and stability.

The concept of space dominance has gained traction in recent years, with countries such as the United States, China, and Russia investing heavily in space-based weapons and systems to maintain an edge over potential adversaries. Using space as a battlefield raises concerns about the escalation of conflicts and the potential for catastrophic consequences, including the generation of space debris and the militarization of celestial bodies.

Despite these challenges, there are still opportunities for cooperation and collaboration in space that could promote peace and security versus conflict. International efforts such as the International Space Station and the European Space Agency demonstrate the potential for countries to work together on shared goals and projects. Space exploration and research could serve as a unifying force that transcends national boundaries in our future in space. We have evolved enough to accomplish that versus turning space into the next battleground.

Promoting transparency and confidence-building measures in space could prevent misunderstandings and miscalculations leading to conflict. Initiatives such as the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the Conference on Disarmament

provide forums for dialogue and negotiation on issues related to space security. Multilateral agreements and codes of conduct could help to establish norms and rules of behavior that promote the peaceful use of space.

In the post-Cold War era, the focus on space has begun to shift to include commercialization and international cooperation.  However, geopolitical tensions and competition between major powers, particularly the United States, China, and Russia, have reignited concerns about the militarization of space.

The proliferation of space debris, which I wrote about in my Extraterrestrial Communication Group website (Space Junk Proliferation and the Space Wilderness Paradigm), and the development of anti-satellite capabilities highlight the fragility of the space environment and the potential for conflict to spill over into outer space.

Space technology’s dual-use nature, which can be used for civilian and military purposes, blurs the line between peaceful exploration and potential conflict. Satellites are essential for communication, navigation, weather forecasting, and other civilian applications. They are also vulnerable targets for military attacks or interference.

The spread of advanced space capabilities, such as anti-satellite weapons, laser weapons, and cyberattacks, pose new challenges to the security and stability of space activities. The potential for asymmetric warfare in space, where more minor or non-state actors can disrupt or disable satellites belonging to significant powers, complicates efforts to prevent conflict escalation.

The lack of international laws and agreements governing space security further exacerbates the risk of miscalculation and misunderstandings among space-faring nations.

Moreover, the current legal framework for space activities, including the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and subsequent agreements, lacks enforcement mechanisms and fails to address emerging threats to space security. The absence of a comprehensive set of rules on space warfare and arms control makes it challenging to regulate military activities in space and prevent the weaponization of outer space. Efforts to establish transparency and confidence-building measures in space, such as the proposed Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, have stalled due to disagreements over verification and compliance.

Despite these potholes, there are still opportunities to promote cooperation, stability, and transparency in space activities to reduce the risk of conflict and advance the goal of a world without war in space. Increased dialogue and engagement among space-faring nations, including through multilateral forums such as the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), can help build trust and foster a shared understanding of the benefits of peaceful space exploration.

Let us look inside what the thinking is now within the US Space Force. 

Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth said on March 19, 2025, that the Air Force and Space Force will be instrumental in deterring and engaging in future military conflicts.

He remarked on the value of the two service branches while speaking at the Department of the Air Force Summit, a gathering of senior leadership from across each force held at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland.

“The future of deterrence … for this nation truly does reside in this room,” Hegseth told those in attendance. “It’s our airpower, the next generation of it, and our ability to project it that will be the decisive factor in whether or not we truly deter our adversaries of the 21st century,” he continued.

Hegseth told the senior leaders in the room about China’s threat that their decisions and how they implement, utilize, and match threats to capabilities will determine whether “we live in a century dominated by the U.S. or dominated by the Chinese.”

“I hope that is the sense of urgency that exists in this room; it’s certainly what we think about every day in the secretary’s office,” he said.

When asked for his thoughts on the future of the space domain, Hegseth said it was the domain of the future.

“I feel like there’s no way to ignore that the next and the most important domain of warfare will be the space domain. So, you’re going to see far more investment from this administration into that domain, offensively and defensively … because that’s where we can continue to maintain an advantage,” Hegseth said.

He added that, in wargaming simulations, the outcomes have often been affected by the space domain-related capabilities each side of the competition had at their disposal.

“There are strategic things that can be done that change the entire warfighting calculus that no one else is paying attention to, and I would anticipate that the space domain is one of those for us,” Hegseth said.

Toward the end of his appearance at the summit, Hegseth was asked about the Defense Department’s recent efforts to realign its budget with national security priorities and whether those efforts would result in significant changes.

“I think we spend a lot of time, understandably and correctly so, talking about efficiencies, talking about the Department of Government Efficiency, talking about audits and talking about reprioritizations, and we’re going to keep doing that because we need to be good stewards of the taxpayer dollars,” Hegseth said.

“But President Donald J. Trump has repeatedly said that we’re going to rebuild the military, and the Air Force will be a huge part of how that military gets funded,” he added.

The idea of war in space is not new. It has been a staple of science fiction for decades. But as technology advances and the possibility of space warfare becomes more tangible, the need for a future without war in space becomes increasingly urgent.

The notion of a future without war in space is not just a pipe dream. It is an ideological hope that many share. The idea of space as a peaceful and cooperative domain, free from the conflicts and aggression that plague our world today, is a powerful vision that inspires many. It is a vision of a future where humanity’s exploration and expansion into space are guided by cooperation and a commitment to shared progress. I hope for and believe it is possible.

One of the primary arguments for a future without war in space is rooted in recognizing the unique challenges and opportunities that space presents. Space is a vast and unforgiving environment where resources are scarce, and the challenges of survival are immense. In this context, conflict and warfare would be destructive and counterproductive. The resources currently being devoted to developing weapons and military capabilities in space could be much better spent on peaceful pursuits, such as exploration, scientific research, and sustainable habitats.

Moreover, the idea of war in space raises serious ethical and moral questions. The militarization of space would not only increase the risk of conflict and violence but also threaten the delicate balance of our planet’s ecosystem. The debris generated by weapons and military activities in space would pose a serious hazard to satellites, space stations, and other vital infrastructure, potentially leading to catastrophic consequences. The risk of accidental collisions and the proliferation of space debris are serious concerns that cannot be ignored.

Weaponizing space will only heighten tensions and create new flashpoints for conflict. The prospect of an arms race in space is troubling, as it would only deepen divisions and exacerbate existing conflicts. Imagine looking at the night sky and seeing a laser show of space war, not just the stars. How terrifying is that prospect?

While achieving a world without war in space may be daunting, it is ultimately a goal worth pursuing to ensure the sustainability and security of human activities beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

Humanity has a decision to make about our future in the cosmos. When things become complex and confusing for me to understand, I find it helpful to take a step back and look at the problem in a more simplified context.

This discussion about our future in space and how humans seem hard-wired to behave is very complex. The decision we must make can be found in the Native American Cherokee Parable of the Two Wolves from a tribe elder to a grandson. To bring it to this space war discussion may be a bit “corny” and idealistic, and you have probably heard that parable in some form or another before.

I think it applies, however, and it clarifies all the white noise and simplifies the decision we must make about our future in space. I just hope it’s not too late.

“A fight is going on inside me,” he told the young boy, “A terrible fight between two wolves. One is evil, full of anger, sorrow, regret, greed, self-pity, and false pride. The other is good, full of joy, peace, love, humility, kindness, and faith. This same fight is happening inside you, grandson… and inside of every other person on this Earth.” The grandson ponders this momentarily and then asks, “Grandfather, which wolf will win?” The old man smiled and said, “The One You Feed.”

References:

• United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. (2021). Outer Space Treaty. Retrieved from https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html
• Aljoe, S. (2020). Space Security: Addressing the Critical Challenges of the Current Decade. Springer.
• Johnson-Freese, J. (2017). Space Warfare in the 21st Century: Arming the Heavens. Routledge.
• Krepon, M. (2019). The United States and the Challenge of a World Without Nuclear Weapons. Stimson Center.
• McDowell, J. (2018). Space Policy and National Security. Wiley.
• UN General Assembly. (2021). Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. United Nations.
• Matthew Olay, March 19, 2025, Hegseth says Air, Space and space forces are key to deterring engaging in future conflicts. DOD News

This article is about the “can we versus should we” philosophy as it applies to space exploration. With advancements in technology and knowledge, we can do many things that were once thought impossible today. From curing diseases to exploring outer space, the possibilities seem endless. However, just because we can do something, does that mean we should? This question becomes especially pertinent in a world where individuals and organizations have the resources and expertise to complete virtually any task.

The idea that “just because we can, doesn’t mean we should” is a cautionary philosophy deeply rooted in ethics, responsibility, and foresight. It calls for reflection on the potential consequences of our actions, particularly when we push the boundaries of innovation, technology, or decision-making.

“Just because we can, doesn’t mean we should” is often attributed to William C. Taylor, an American writer and entrepreneur. He discussed this idea in his book Practically Radical, emphasizing the importance of considering our actions’ ethical and practical implications. However, the sentiment behind the phrase has existed throughout history, reflecting a universal principle of moral decision-making. This principle challenges us to consider what is possible and what is morally, socially, or environmentally acceptable.

My Extraterrestrial Communication Group (ECG) has published numerous posts about some of the great philosophers throughout history. Their insights are remarkable, and at this stage of my life, I often reflect upon their words and how they apply to the modern world after hundreds of years. It fascinates me. The ECG has grown substantially over the past few years. It is my hobby, and I enjoy sharing what I discover through my research on ECG articles. This is the ECG published Mission Statement:

The Extraterrestrial Communication Group (ECG) is dedicated to exploring the profound mysteries of the cosmos, delving into realms that encompass extraterrestrial communication, extraterrestrial contact, the creation of the universe, the divine concept of God, and the intricate tapestry of religious implications woven into the fabric of our existence. Our mission is to foster a community of open-minded thinkers, scientists, theologians, and enthusiasts who share a passion for unraveling the enigmas that transcend our earthly boundaries. – Stephen J. Silva, Founder

The key aspects of the “can versus should” philosophy include:

• Ethical Responsibility:

It emphasizes the importance of weighing the moral implications of an action. For instance, while we may be able to clone animals, should we do so without fully understanding the potential ethical and ecological consequences?

• Long-term Thinking:

It reminds us to evaluate our decisions’ broader and longer-term impacts. Short-term success might lead to unforeseen harm in the future.

• Power vs. Restraint:

This philosophy celebrates the idea that true wisdom lies in exercising restraint when needed rather than unthinkingly pursuing what is possible.

The concept applies across many areas, from advancements in science and technology (like artificial intelligence and genetic engineering) to decisions in governance, business, and personal life. I can think of many examples of how this idea impacted or should have impacted my personal decision-making over the years, and I’m sure most of us can.

There are many examples of how this concept should be better applied today.

This article is about one application of the “can versus should” concept: 

In 2024, SpaceX alone executed 138 rocket launches. This included 132 Falcon 9 launches, 2 Falcon Heavy launches, and 4 Starship launches. Their launch cadence averaged about one launch every 2.5 days. Globally, in 2024, there were 271 total space launches, with 264 successful launches and 7 failures. That equates to a launch attempt every 1.4 days. The United States led with 169 launches, followed by China with 68 and Russia with 17. 5 years ago, there were only 114. This global count is published by Rocket.org for space launches from the earth surface. 

The data trend is shocking to me. When I began researching this, I expected a more consistent and steady increase over time, which was untrue. I certainly did not expect to find that there is a launch every 1.4 days on average. That seems like a lot to me.

A dramatic jump happened in 2016 – 2017. In my way of thinking, when data takes a sudden leap like that, it is a giant red flag. It is time to figure out and understand what is happening here, and the consequences we will face if the situation continues unchecked.

The dramatic increase in space launches over the last decade can be attributed to several factors:

• Rise of Private Companies:

Companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin have revolutionized the space industry with reusable rockets, reducing costs and increasing launch frequency.

• Satellite Demand:

The need for communication, navigation, and Earth observation satellites has surged, driven by telecommunications and climate monitoring industries.

• Global Participation:

More countries, including emerging space nations like India and the United Arab Emirates, have entered the space race, contributing to the overall number of launches.

• Mega-Constellations:

Projects like SpaceX’s Starlink and Amazon’s Kuiper aim to deploy thousands of satellites for global internet coverage.

• Technological Advancements:

Innovations in rocket technology and miniaturization of satellites have made launches more efficient and accessible. The rapid advancement of space technology brings incredible opportunities but also significant risks if progress outpaces careful planning and consideration.

Regarding space exploration, the idea that “just because we can, doesn’t mean we should” raises many complex questions. It challenges us to carefully weigh potential benefits like scientific discoveries, technological advancements, and long-term survival against the ethical, environmental, and resource-driven implications. The point was most famously made in the original Jurassic Park movie. Just because they could make a dinosaur does not mean they should have made dinosaurs.

Here are just some of the potential dangers we need to consider and address:

• Ethical Oversights:

Developments, such as the impact of mining celestial bodies and the potential contamination of extraterrestrial ecosystems.

• Weaponization:

The militarization of space could escalate geopolitical tensions, potentially leading to an arms race beyond Earth.

• Space Debris:

Increased launches and satellite deployments could worsen the space debris problem, making Earth’s orbit increasingly hazardous. I recently published an article entitled “The Reality of Space Junk Proliferation” on this specific subject.

• Inequality:

Rapid advancements may widen the gap between countries or corporations with access to space and those without.

• Resource Exploitation:

Overzealous pursuit of extraterrestrial resources could prioritize profit over sustainability.

• Unregulated Growth:

Without updated international laws, such advancements risk creating conflicts over resource ownership, orbital slots, and space governance.

• Economic Pressure:

High costs and competition could result in shortcuts or unsafe practices, endangering missions and astronauts.

• Unintended Consequences:

Rushed implementation of new technologies could lead to unforeseen problems, much like other rapidly adopted technologies in history.

Managing these risks requires global collaboration, responsible governance, and balancing innovation and reflection.

Exploring space has long been a dream of humankind, and I am passionate about the subject. My passion is evident if you have spent time on my Extraterrestrial Communication Group website and read any of my published books and articles. I love the history of humanity, looking up at the sky and wanting to understand what the cosmos is all about.  I want to know what and who is out there.

The vastness of the universe has captivated human imagination and curiosity for centuries. It is the driving force behind many incredible advancements in technology and scientific understanding. With the development of space exploration technology, we have been able to send probes to distant planets, land humans on the moon, and even establish a continuous presence in low Earth orbit. It is an amazing achievement.

However, as our capabilities to explore space continue to expand, my question still stands: just because we can explore space, does that mean we should? Where is it all going? What is the end game, or is there an end game?

For instance, should we mine asteroids for resources when we haven’t yet solved sustainable resource management on Earth? Should we colonize other planets if it risks harming ecosystems we don’t fully understand? We did and continue to do it to Earth, so why would space be different for us in that regard?  These questions speak to responsibility, stewardship, and the broader impact of our actions.

There are numerous arguments on both sides of this debate, each with valid points and considerations. On the one hand, proponents of space exploration argue that it is essential for advancing science and technology. By studying celestial bodies and phenomena, we can better understand the universe and our place within it. This knowledge can lead to countless technological innovations that benefit society, such as developing new materials, medical treatments, and renewable energy sources. Additionally, the curiosity and drive to explore new frontiers are fundamental aspects of human nature. Humans have been pushing boundaries and expanding our horizons since our existence on Earth began. Humans are hard-wired to explore. Now, we shall press on into outer space.

On the other hand, critics of space exploration raise concerns about the cost and risks of sending humans and equipment into space. Space missions are costly, with the price of a single mission running into millions of dollars. In 2024, global spending on space exploration reached approximately $135 billion. The United States led the way, contributing around $79.7 billion, followed by China with over $19 billion. This includes investments in government programs, private sector initiatives, and international collaborations.

This raises questions about whether these resources, or at least a portion of them, could be better spent addressing pressing Earth issues like poverty, healthcare, and the environment in general. Furthermore, the dangers of space travel cannot be ignored, as space travelers (future space tourists included) face potential risks to their health and safety from radiation exposure, microgravity effects, and the possibility of catastrophic accidents.

In addition to the practical considerations of cost and risk, there are also ethical considerations to include when discussing the merits of space exploration. As we venture further into space, we will inevitably encounter the usual moral dilemmas and questions about our responsibilities to other forms of life we may encounter. The historic record of human behavior in this regard is not exactly stellar to say the least.

For example, if we discover microbial life on another planet, how should we interact with it? What rights should we afford it, and how should we ensure that our actions do not harm or disrupt its ecosystem? Now think about that concept if you replace the words microbial life with intelligent extraterrestrial life. Just look at what happened to native North and South Americans concerning deadly diseases when Europeans came to their world.

The question of whether we should explore space is a complex and multifaceted one. While there are undeniable benefits to expanding our knowledge of the universe and pushing the boundaries of human achievement, we must also consider these endeavors’ costs, risks, and ethical implications. As we continue to advance our capabilities in space exploration, we must approach these challenges with thoughtfulness and consideration for their impact on our society and the more expansive universe.

Individuals or organizations with advanced knowledge and resources may be tempted to push the boundaries of what is ethically or legally permissible, as has often been the case historically. Unfortunately, that is also a part of human nature. This can lead to unethical behavior, such as using technology for surveillance or control, exploiting vulnerable populations for personal gain, or engaging in harmful practices to pursue profit. For example, in artificial intelligence, companies may be tempted to use advanced algorithms to manipulate consumer behavior or invade privacy rather than using their capabilities to improve society.

It is already in play, in fact. Individuals’ cell phones and computer search patterns are already monitored to generate marketing ads for those individuals. There are many other examples. I see it, as we all do, every day. Who knows what we don’t know. Without ethical guidelines and accountability, AI power can easily be turned to nefarious purposes. That has been our history.

The unbridled exploration and utilization of space will lead to a lack of consideration for the long-term consequences of our actions. In our ravenous quest for progress and innovation, we may prioritize short-term gains over long-term sustainability. The consequences of our actions may not be immediately apparent, but they can have far-reaching and irreversible effects on the environment, society, and the economy. Without careful planning and foresight, we risk leaving a legacy of destruction and depletion for future generations.

Let’s look at fuel consumption to put some numbers to the environmental impact into perspective.

The amount of fossil fuel consumed by space launch varies depending on the rocket and its mission. For example, rockets like SpaceX’s Falcon 9 use rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) as fuel, which releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and black carbon during combustion. A single Falcon 9 launch will emit approximately 27 tons of carbon dioxide per ton of payload.

Other rockets, such as SpaceX’s Starship, use liquid methane and liquid oxygen, which are less harmful but clearly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. The environmental impact of these launches is relatively small compared to industries like aviation. Still, the emissions released into the upper atmosphere amplify global warming and ozone depletion.

In addition to fuel consumption, the rockets themselves poking so many holes in the ozone layer every year is probably not a good thing either. How many can we withstand?

The risks of unchecked space launches are significant, from unintended consequences to misuse of power to shortsighted decision-making. Those with advanced knowledge and resources must exercise caution, ethical responsibility, and thoughtful consideration. As stewards of progress and innovation, we must use our capabilities wisely and for the betterment of all. That sounds nice, but historically, human behavior has not always been considerate or friendly to their neighbors. I touch upon some of this in my article entitled “The Extraterrestrial Universe and our Wilderness Paradigm”

If sound checks and balances are in place, I favor space exploration. However, I fear that space exploration may be moving too quickly and perhaps spinning out of control. I would love to hear your feedback on this issue.

All that being said, the SpaceX rescue mission was an amazing thing to see. Congratulations to all involved. 

 

Sources:

• unoosa.org. Annual number of objects launched into space. UNOOSA
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). “Benefits of Space Exploration.”
• com. “The Costs of Space Missions and Their Benefits to Society.”
• Smith, J. (2019). The Power and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Technology Review, 22(4), 73-86.
• Brown, L. (2021). The Long-Term Consequences of Short-Term Thinking. Journal of Sustainable Development, 27(3), 112-125.

My Extraterrestrial Communication Group (ECG) is in place to share historical and contemporary information about the history and direction of the universe. It is about trying to understand if or how all things in the universe might be connected. It is complicated, and I tried to capture the intent in the ECG Mission Statement:

The Extraterrestrial Communication Group (ECG) is dedicated to exploring the profound mysteries of the cosmos, delving into realms that encompass extraterrestrial communication, extraterrestrial contact, the creation of the universe, the divine concept of God, and the intricate tapestry of religious implications woven into the fabric of our existence. Our mission is to foster a community of open-minded thinkers, scientists, theologians, and enthusiasts who share a passion for unraveling the enigmas that transcend our earthly boundaries. – Stephen J. Silva, Founder.

This article is about religious facilities in space as we move into the future of space travel and longer-term space habitation.

In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in space travel, with private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin making significant strides in commercializing space travel and making it more accessible to the general public. We now live in an age when recreational space travel, space tourism, and longer-term space habitation are almost within our reach. However, there is much more to this than technology development that will make longer-term civilian space habitation more accessible.

From the early days of unmanned missions to the Moon to the International Space Station (ISS) orbiting the Earth, mankind has made significant progress in venturing beyond our home planet. As we continue to push the boundaries of space exploration, the need for sustainable living environments for astronauts (including civilian space travelers) becomes increasingly essential. This includes sustainable living for body and soul.

Establishing places of worship in outer space is truly fascinating and thought-provoking. As humanity looks towards the stars and begins to explore the vast expanse of the cosmos, questions arise about the role of religion and spirituality in this new frontier. What does it mean to have a place of worship in space? Are such facilities mission-critical?

One of the most exciting aspects of having places of worship in outer space is the opportunity to transcend earthly boundaries and connect with something greater than us. Historically, religious spaces have served as places of reflection, meditation, and Communion with the divine. By establishing these facilities in space, we are extending these traditions beyond the confines of Earth and redefining our understanding of the sacred in a cosmic context.

International collaboration in space exploration has grown more interconnected and sophisticated, with the International Space Station (ISS) standing as a testament to this progress. Launched in 1998, the ISS represents a partnership among five space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (European Space Agency), JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), and CSA (Canadian Space Agency). This unprecedented cooperation has united global expertise, financial resources, and innovative technology to develop and maintain one of the most ambitious projects in human history. A link on the ECG website tracks the ISS location in its orbit second by second.

The ISS was assembled without religious or spiritual contemplation spaces however, some visitors brought religious works along with them as you might expect.  As the station ages and maintenance costs increase, discussions surrounding its eventual decommissioning have reignited interest in extending international partnerships and fostering new ones. The ISS is currently scheduled to be decommissioned in 2030.

As governmental space programs like those behind the ISS look toward decommissioning the ISS, private companies are stepping in to bridge the gap and redefine how humans inhabit low Earth orbit (LEO). The rise of private space habitats reflects broader trends in the commercialization of space, with companies aiming to reduce costs, innovate new technology rapidly, and create versatile platforms capable of supporting a range of activities, from research and manufacturing to tourism and media production. That also now includes religious facilities.

Leading this campaign are companies like Axiom Space, Vast, Sierra Space, Blue Origin, Voyager Space, and SpaceX, all of which have announced plans to construct and operate free-flying commercial space stations within the next decade. Axiom Space, for instance, is actively working on modules that will initially attach to the ISS, effectively bridging the established government-led infrastructure and the private sector’s independent endeavors. Once the ISS is retired, these modules are planned to detach and continue as a standalone orbiting platform capable of hosting astronauts and private visitors. Similarly, Blue Origin’s Orbital Reef project intends to deploy a “mixed-use business park” in space, designed to accommodate scientific research and commercial ventures.

The rise of private space habitats marks a pivotal moment in humanity’s journey to establish a sustained presence in space. By opening up LEO to a broad spectrum of industries and stakeholders, commercial operators are expanding access and creating a competitive environment that fosters innovation. As these private ventures mature, they are expected to complement (not replace) government-led initiatives, ensuring that space remains a shared domain for scientific exploration, economic opportunity, and collaborative progress.

In recent years, establishing religious facilities on future space stations has gained traction among various religious communities and space agencies. As human exploration of space advances, accommodating religious practices and beliefs in the unique space environment has become increasingly recognized as an important necessity.

One key consideration in designing religious facilities for space stations is the need to accommodate diverse beliefs and practices. Various spiritual traditions have specific rituals and requirements to consider when planning religious facilities in space. For example, Muslims require a place to pray facing towards Mecca, while Christians may require spaces for worship and meditation.

Several space agencies and private organizations have begun to develop plans for religious facilities on future space stations to address these diverse needs. One such initiative is the “Multi-faith Space Station Initiative,” which aims to create a space station that can accommodate a wide range of religious practices. The station will include designated areas for prayer, meditation, and worship and facilities for religious ceremonies and gatherings.

Another active plan for future space station religious facilities is the “Interfaith Space Habitat Project,” which seeks to create a space habitat that can serve as a spiritual retreat for people of all faiths. The habitat will include chapels, meditation rooms, outdoor spaces for religious ceremonies, and spiritual guidance and counseling resources.

In addition to these specific initiatives, there are broader efforts to ensure that religious needs are considered in designing and constructing future space stations.

For example, the International Astronautical Federation established a working group on Space Activities and Religion, which aims to promote between religious communities and space agencies. The group works to ensure that the spiritual needs of astronauts in space are considered in all aspects of space exploration.

Creating places of worship in space raises essential questions about the nature of religion and its relationship to human exploration and discovery. As we push the boundaries of our knowledge and reach out into the unknown, how do our beliefs and practices adapt and evolve? Do they or should they adapt and evolve is another question. What new insights and understandings might we gain by contemplating the mysteries of the universe from a place of spiritual reverence that is not tied down to the Earth?

The design and construction of places of worship in space present unique challenges and opportunities for artistic and architectural creativity. How might these spaces be designed to evoke a sense of awe and wonder while providing practical resources for astronauts and space travelers? What materials and technologies could create a functional and spiritually enriching space?

In a world often divided by religious conflict, the symbol of a place of worship in space could remind us of our shared humanity and the common aspirations that unite us as a species.

Despite these exciting possibilities, there are also practical and ethical considerations when contemplating establishing places of worship in outer space. How do we ensure these spaces are accessible to all individuals, regardless of their background or beliefs? What measures can be taken to protect these spaces’ sanctity and integrity while respecting the diversity of religious traditions and practices? There is much to consider.

For some religious space explorers, faith has driven their desire to venture into the cosmos. The sense of wonder and quest for knowledge about God’s creation that compels scientific inquiry also propels the urge to travel into space for spiritual astronauts.

Some see space exploration as humanity’s destiny and duty, spreading life and the divine message across the universe. Others believe spacefaring can bring humanity closer to God by revealing creation’s sublime grandeur. These attitudes frame space travel as a religious experience that upholds, rather than contradicts, spiritual beliefs.

Prominent examples include Buzz Aldrin privately taking Communion on the Moon during Apollo 11 and Apollo 15’s James Irwin expressing a sense of God’s presence during his lunar EVA. Religious icons and crosses have also traveled to space with Russian crews.

Despite its inspirational aspects for some, space travel also challenges traditional religious practices adapted to life on Earth. Microgravity and busy mission schedules constrain astronauts’ abilities to reflect, pray, or observe rituals in space.

Muslim astronauts strive to orient themselves toward Mecca and manage ritual purity for prayer while in orbit. The space environment can also alter spiritual perspectives, with some astronauts reporting intensified feelings of connection or questioning their beliefs after looking down on Earth from above.

As space tourism increases access, questions arise on how religious needs can be accommodated in commercial flights alongside mission objectives. Issues of religious freedom, separation of church and state, and ethics must be negotiated as spaceflight becomes more inclusive.

While space travel has tested religious adherence, experiencing the cosmos has also enriched faith for many by shifting perspectives. Seeing Earth as an oasis strengthens environmental stewardship among religious astronauts.

The overview effect of viewing Earth from space spurs a sense of planetary connection that transcends denominations. Contemplating infinity and creation’s grand scale can reinvigorate spirituality and humility.

Encountering extraterrestrial life could also transform beliefs by confirming we are not alone. Some theologians argue contact would align with faith in a creative God. But it could also challenge anthropocentric doctrines, requiring a reassessment of humanity’s place in creation.

Ongoing discoveries continue to shape the relationship between religion and space in complex ways. However, openness, inclusion, and ethical priorities can help faith and exploration find common ground.

As humanity contemplates missions to Mars and beyond, religious wisdom can help ensure that spacefaring uplifts human dignity across the cosmos. With care, unity, foresight, and moral courage, a shared longing to understand existence can inspire humanity’s quest upward and outward.

Pondering humanity’s past, present, and future and all that goes with it requires a historical perspective. Some of the most remarkable structures ever constructed in human history are places of worship. Historically, civilizations have dedicated enormous amounts of time, labor, and money to constructing buildings for prayer and spiritual purposes.

Providing religious facilities on space stations raises several considerations and practical implications that space agencies know they must carefully address. Firstly, it is essential to ensure that the allocation of resources for religious facilities does not compromise the spacecraft’s safety and functionality. Any resources allocated for religious purposes must be justified regarding their contribution to the passengers and crew’s overall well-being and safety.

Religion has been a catalyst for scientific exploration and technological advancement throughout history. Many early astronomers and thinkers were inspired by their religious beliefs to study the heavens, unravel the mysteries of the universe, and push the boundaries of human knowledge.

Modern space exploration represents our continued quest for knowledge, understanding, and discovery, a journey that resonates with the human desire for transcendence and meaning. Space station facilities, like ancient religious structures on Earth, can serve as places of reflection, meditation, prayer, and worship, allowing individuals to connect with their inner selves, each other, and the cosmos beyond.

Including religious facilities in future space stations is essential for the holistic well-being and flourishing of individuals living and working in space. As we embark on the journey toward establishing longer-term settlements in space, let us not forget the profound and enduring impact that religion has historically had on our exploration missions. 

Let us build space stations that are not just technological marvels but also spiritual sanctuaries where the human spirit can continue to understand its place in the vastness of the universe.

Sources:

1. Fink, L. (2018). The psychology of space travel: How will humans cope with life in the cosmos? Retrieved from https://www.space.com/36411-space-travel-psychological-effects-on-humans.html
2. Kanas, N., & Sandal, G. (2015). Psychosocial issues associated with long-duration space missions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(4), 1-6.
3. Palinkas, L. A. (2001). Psychosocial issues in long-term spaceflight: Overview. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(12), 1389-1400.
4. Vakoch, D. (2018). Emotion in space: Implications for deep-space exploration. Acta Astronautica, 143, 413-417.
5. Ragusa, T., & Fried, L. (2019). Psychological Selection of Astronauts for Long-Duration Spaceflight Missions. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, 90(7), 600-607.
6. Kanas, N., & Manzey, D. (2008). Space Psychology and Psychiatry (Space Technology Library). Springer.
7. Musson, D. (2016). The Fallacy of Getting to Mars: Solving the Astronaut Selection Problem. Springer.
8. Astronomy, 2/5/2005, Doug Alder, How did walking on the Moon affect the Apollo astronauts?
9. Ali, R. (2020). Religion in Space: A Case Study of Muslimonauts of Space Religion, 12(3), 45-56.
10. Faith Space Habitat Project. (202). Retrieved from www.interfaithspacehabitat.org
11. International Astronautical Federation. (9). Working Group on Space Activities and Religion: Annual. Paris: IAF Press.
12. Multi-faith Space Station Initiative. (202). Conceptual Design Document. Washington, MFSSI Publications.

There is a lot of stuff being launched into space these days. Space junk, also known as orbital debris, is becoming an increasingly concerning issue for space agencies, the scientific community, and all of the people on earth. Lopez is president of the US branch of Astroscale, a Japanese company competing for market share in the emerging field of orbital debris removal. In an interview with CNN, he said  

“Ten years ago, people thought that our founder was crazy for even talking about space debris,” “Now you can’t go to a space conference without a panel or a series of talks on space sustainability and the debris issue.”

It is time we started paying more attention to space debris issues and what is at stake for the world. To put it in perspective, here is the 2024 summary of space launches.

This means that in 2024, a space launch occurred on average every 1.4 days.

With the rapid expansion of satellite technology and the increase in space missions, debris orbiting Earth has reached critical levels. This raises three major concerns in my mind.

1. The first is about “space” as a final wilderness with intrinsic value, and space “pollution” issues. We have faced the wilderness issue on earth before. Now it’s about outer space ownership.
2. The second is about this Low-Earth Orbit “pollution” and chunks of man-made space junk crashing into Earth.
3. The third is about military use and/or abuse of outer space.

On Issue 1: Intrinsic Value of Space.

As of September 2024, over 7,000 mass-produced small satellites in low Earth orbit communicate with designated ground transceivers. Nearly 12,000 satellites will be deployed, possibly extending to 34,400 shortly.

According to the tracking site Orbiting Now, more than 8,300 satellites are currently overhead, and predictions of how many will soon join them vary widely.

More than 300 commercial and government entities have announced plans to launch 478,000 satellites by 2030, likely to be inflated by hype. The US Government Accountability Office predicted that 58,000 satellites would be launched in the next six years. Other analysts recently estimated that the number likely to reach orbit is closer to 20,000.

These satellites are bright enough to produce trails in images taken with telescopes. The trails overwrite the stars and galaxies behind them, which can only be remedied by taking additional images. Short transient phenomena, such as a brief flash from a gamma-ray burst, could be missed.

Starlink is the largest satellite constellation in service, with thousands of satellites in orbit. Many more are planned. Starlink, developed by SpaceX, aims to provide global high-speed internet coverage.

A satellite constellation is a group of satellites working together as a system, typically positioned in specific orbits to cover particular areas of the Earth. These constellations can provide continuous global or regional coverage for various applications such as communication, navigation, and Earth observation. For example, GPS is a well-known global positioning and navigation satellite constellation.

Blue Origin is a private aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company founded by Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon, in 2000. The focuses on developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal of dramatically lowering costs and increasing reliability.

Blue Origin has developed several key projects:

• • New Shepard: A suborbital rocket designed to take tourists and payloads to the edge of space.
  • New Glenn: A heavy-lift orbital rocket designed to carry larger payloads to orbit.
  • Blue Moon: A lunar lander intended for NASA’s Artemis program.
  • Orbital Reef: A planned space station in partnership with other organizations.

Amazon’s Blue Origin plans to launch more than 3,200 Project Kuiper satellites, and AST Space Mobile plans to launch 100 Blue Bird satellites (and perhaps more). The recently launched Blue Bird prototype, Blue Walker 3, has produced genuine alarm among astronomers.

While Blue Walker 3 was initially quite faint, it unfolded a 64-square-meter communications array, roughly the size of a squash court. This vast surface is very good at reflecting sunlight, and Blue Walker 3 is now as bright as some of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is possible that the operational Blue Bird satellites could become even bigger and more colorful.

At its brightest, Blue Walker 3 is more colorful than all but a few stars in the night sky.  Large numbers of satellites this bright could be a problem — a big problem.

If thousands of satellites were this bright, sometimes you would be unable to look at the night sky without seeing these bright satellites. We would lose that sense of wilderness, with an almost constant reminder of technology in our sky. This would also have a massive impact on professional astronomy.

Brighter satellites do more damage to astronomical images than faint satellites. Furthermore, many of these satellites broadcast at radio frequencies that could interfere with radio astronomy, transmitting radio waves above remote sites where radio observatories scan the cosmos.

Under dark skies, we can see the Milky Way, as people have seen it for millennia. What happens next is uncertain.

The International Astronomical Union has communicated its alarm about satellite constellations, and Blue Walker 3 in particular. The approval of satellite constellations by the US Federal Communications Commission has had relatively little consideration of environmental impacts. This has recently been flagged as a significant problem by the US Government Accountability Office, but whether this leads to concrete change is unclear.

Humanity has historically done a good job polluting the land, water, and atmosphere. Now, we are rapidly polluting Low-Earth Orbit outer space. Will we allow the night sky to be cluttered with bright artificial satellites all for the sake of faster internet or 5G cell phone service? Or will we learn from our history and pull back to preserve the night sky as a globally shared wilderness with intrinsic value? When does it become too much?

On Issue 2: Space Junk

On December 30, 2024, a massive metallic ring weighing approximately 1,100 pounds came crashing into a village in Kenya. The impact startled residents, some of whom initially feared it was an attack or a bomb explosion.

A local villager, Joseph Mutua, recounted the event to Kenyan news station NTV. While tending to his cows, he heard “a loud bang” and assumed it might be a car accident. However, there were no signs of a collision nearby. The source of the disturbance turned out to be space debris – a separation ring from a rocket launch. There are many examples.

Tracking data from Space-Track.org, maintained by the US Space Force, tracks the debris currently orbiting the Earth and identifies the most significant contributors to this celestial clutter.

According to the data, as of May 2023, 2024, roughly 14,000 small, medium, and large debris objects were floating about in low Earth orbit. This does not count the millions of tiny debris fragments that are too small to be tracked.

Although space debris is a global problem, certain countries have played a more significant role in contributing to the clutter. In the 1950s, the US and Russia (formerly USSR) led the space race with the most launched space objects. In the 1970s, they were joined by China, and objects from all three countries account for the vast majority of today’s space debris. No surprise there.

Russia’s debris count, including former launches by the Soviet Union, stood at 4,521. However, the US and China are not far behind, with more than 4,000 each. Other contributors include China / Brazil, The European Space Agency, France Inda, and Japan (there are others as well). Though many of these are accumulated over time, thousands of debris items are created in single catastrophic moments.

For example, China’s anti-satellite test in 2007 destroyed its own weather satellite, creating 3,500 pieces of space debris. Likewise, the 2009 collision between the inactive Russian satellite Cosmos-2251 and the operational US communications satellite Iridium 33 created over 2,000 pieces of debris.

Even the smallest debris fragments can cause catastrophic collisions when moving at high speeds. Space junk in low Earth orbit travels at mind-boggling speeds. Generally, it zips around the Earth at about 17,500 miles per hour—approximately 10 times faster than a speeding bullet. These high velocities make space debris a serious hazard to satellites, spacecraft, and the International Space Station. That is just the junk and not the non-junk. With companies like SpaceX launching expansive satellite networks, all these numbers are growing fast.

In the past few years, the pace of satellite launches has accelerated. SpaceX has made satellite launches cheaper, and it has been launching thousands of Starlink satellites that provide internet services. As of June 2024, approximately 11,780 satellites are orbiting our planet, according to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Most of them are functioning and in low-Earth orbit.

As the number of satellites and spacecraft in orbit grows, the risk of collisions with debris increases significantly.

Mitigating the proliferation of space junk presents a significant challenge for the scientific community. Current efforts to address this issue include implementing guidelines for spacecraft disposal, such as safely deorbiting defunct satellites at the end of their operational life. However, these guidelines are not mandatory and are often not followed by commercial operators, leading to the continued accumulation of debris in orbit. In addition, the complexity of tracking and cataloging thousands of objects in space makes it difficult, if not impossible, to accurately predict and mitigate the risk of collisions.

And then there is space tourism. The budding space tourism industry stands on the threshold of unprecedented expansions. While space tourism may seem like a recent development, it has a history dating back decades.

The first milestone in the history of space tourism came in 2001 when American businessman Dennis Tito became the first paying space tourist. Tito traveled to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft, spending nearly a week in orbit. His historic flight paved the way for a new era of commercial space, with several other private individuals following in his footsteps in the years that followed.

In 2004, the world saw the launch of SpaceShipOne, the first privately funded spacecraft to reach the edge of space. SpaceShipOne was developed by aerospace engineer Burt Rutan and was financed by billionaire entrepreneur Richard Branson. SpaceShipOne achieved several successful suborbital flights, demonstrating the viability of private space travel. This groundbreaking achievement led to the founding of Virgin Galactic, Branson’s commercial spaceflight company, which aims to offer suborbital spaceflights to paying customers.

2024 marked space tourism benchmarks that will redefine the essence of human recreational travel and exploration. Several high-profile missions were launched in 2024, promising to enhance the credibility and allure of space tourism. Companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic are racing to refine their future offerings, aiming to provide unforgettable experiences beyond the Kármán line (the human defined edge of space). The flight options are expected to range from suborbital flights, offering brief moments of weightlessness and panoramic views of Earth’s curvature, to more exotic orbital expeditions that promise extended stays in space for the ultimate adventure enthusiasts.

The issue of space junk becomes even more critical when we start launching even more civilians into space. There are already prototypes of flying cars intended for civilian use. It is not much of a stretch to imagine flying cars capable of low earth orbit space flight.

Think about it.

• The first practical, marketable automobile was developed by Carl Benz in 1886
• Only 35 years later, the first recorded traffic jam occurred on November 11, 1921, in Washington, D.C
• Only 36 years after that, the first successful space launch was conducted by the Soviet Union in 1957
• And only 12 years after that, the first human moon landing and walking occurred in 1969.

That is a total of only 83 years from the first commercially available automobile to walking on the moon. That is within the high-end range of a human’s life expectancy (depending on a variety of variables of course). In addition, consider that the first hand-held calculator was invented in 1971, after the moon walk.

Information technology and the computing tools available today are unprecedented. Things happen today much faster than ever before.

On Issue 3: Military Use of Space

Let’s examine what the United States Space Force has been up to.

The Eastern Range, managed by Space Launch Delta 45 (SLD 45), has cemented its status as the world’s busiest spaceport in 2024. Based at Patrick Space Force Base and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, the team successfully facilitated 93 launches, delivering 1,389 orbital assets into space.

This accomplishment marked the second consecutive year the US broke the world record for annual space launches, surpassing the 2023 record of 108 launches. The previous record, held by the Soviet Union since 1982. This quantifies the growing pace of global space operations.

Brigadier General Kristin Panzenhagen, director of the Eastern Range, commended the collaboration between SLD 45 and commercial launch providers. She highlighted the team’s commitment to securing reliable space access for national defense, international partners, and commercial ventures.

Among the year’s highlights was the historic Crew-9 mission on September 28, 2024, which launched Col. Nick Hague as the first United States Space Force Guardian into space. Accompanied by Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr Gorbunov, Hague’s mission expanded to support the safe return of astronauts Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore from the International Space Station (ISS).

SLD 45 also ensured the success of four National Security Space Launch (NSSL) missions, which bolstered US defense capabilities. These launches included payloads critical to missile detection, intelligence gathering, and global vigilance. One standout mission, the Rapid Response Trailblazer, on December 16, 2024, demonstrated the ability to adapt swiftly to warfighter needs, deploying a GPS III Space Vehicle (SV-07) in record time.

The Eastern Range is preparing for even greater activity in 2025 as operations ramp up. Panzenhagen projected an increased launch cadence, establishing the US’s role as the “world’s premier gateway to space.” Space Force is clearly on the march. You can count on our geopolitical adversaries to follow suit. Such is the world in which we live today.

The future of humanity in space is very exciting however, my great fear is that it may be moving at a pace that is spinning out of control. I for one, look up at the night sky much differently now than I did as a child. 

 

Sources:

• Zo Ahmed January 4, 2025. Massive space debris crashes into Kenya, residents alarmed as 1,100-pound ring crashes from sky.
• February 21, 2024. Bill Weir CNN Chief Climate Correspondent Nearly 30,000 objects are hurtling through near-Earth orbit. That’s not just a problem for space.
• University of Montana. McGovern, Patrick Joseph, “Paradigms and the politics of wilderness preservation” (1993). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5583. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5583
• com. Michael J. I. Brown, Associate Professor in Astronomy, Monash University\. Blue Walker 3, an enormous and bright communications satellite, is genuinely alarming astronomers.  January 8, 2023. This article was originally published at The Conversation. The publication contributed the article to Space.com’s Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
• Liou, J.-C. (2009). Handbook of Space Engineering, Archaeology, and Heritage. CRC Press.
• Matney, M., & Sholtis, J. A. (2012). Orbital debris mitigation strategies. Advances in Space Research, 49(11), 1423-1428.
• Johnson, N. L., & Liou, J.-C. (2017). Preventing Collisions of Spacecraft with Space Debris: Issue Detection and Tracking, State Estimation, and Orbit Control. Acta Astronautica, 133, 407-416.
• Defense Industry Europe. January 1, 2025. U.S. Space Force’s Eastern Range breaks records with 93 space launches in 2024.
• Zellner, M. (2018). The History of Space Tourism. Springer.
• Hall, R. (2016). Space Tourism: An Overview. Aerospace Research Society.
• Pelt, M. (2014). Commercial Space Tourism: A Brief History. Journal of Space Exploration, 10(2), 45-58.

As most of the developed world already knows, Elon Musk is the visionary entrepreneur behind companies. Well-known examples are SpaceX, Tesla, Nuralink, and the social media platform “X.” There is much more to it than that. Musk is front-page news today for many reasons. He has long spoken about his views on extraterrestrial (ET) communication. Musk has expressed a deep interest in contacting ET civilizations. He believes we should actively keep trying to communicate with them.

I have authored two books about extraterrestrial communication. (Extraterrestrial Communication Code and Angel Communication Code).

Each book posits the possibility of extraterrestrial (ET) communication through dimensions of consciousness and a non-physical connection to the cosmos. My books were developed through much research and defensible facts. When that idea comes from a person of much higher status and success in the scientific community it becomes a more plausible concept.

One of the key reasons why Musk is so interested in ET communication is his belief that humanity should be prepared for the possibility of encountering ET civilizations. Musk has often spoken about the need for humanity to become a multi-planetary species. He believes we need colonies on other planets to serve as a safeguard against potential extinction events on Earth. In Musk’s view, if we are to establish such colonies, we will likely come into contact with ET life at some point. Therefore, he believes we should actively seek to communicate with ET civilizations to better understand them and learn from their knowledge and technology.

Musk’s interest in ET communication is driven by his fascination with the unknown. He is known for his adventurous spirit and willingness to explore new frontiers. For Musk, contacting ET civilizations represents the ultimate challenge that could unlock a wealth of new knowledge and possibilities for humanity.

Musk has expressed a keen interest in the search for ET intelligence. He has even supported initiatives like the Breakthrough Listen project. This project aims to listen for signals from advanced civilizations beyond our solar system.

In addition to his philosophical and scientific reasons for supporting ET communication, Musk also sees practical benefits in reaching out to ET civilizations. Musk has suggested that contacting ET civilizations could lead to new technological breakthroughs. It could lead to opportunities for collaboration on space exploration initiatives. Musk has often emphasized the importance of pushing the boundaries of human knowledge. He suggested that contact with ET civilizations could provide us with new insights and perspectives to help us advance as a species.

Despite Musk’s enthusiasm for ET communication, he acknowledges the challenges and potential risks. Musk has pointed out that the vast distances between stars make communication with ET civilizations daunting, requiring advanced technologies and a significant investment of resources. He has also expressed concerns about the potential dangers of contacting unknown ET civilizations, noting that we should proceed with caution in our efforts to establish communication with them.

Elon Musk’s views on ET communication reflect his adventurous spirit, commitment to pushing the boundaries of human knowledge, and belief in preparing for the unknown. Musk’s interest in contacting ET civilizations is driven by a combination of philosophical, scientific, and practical considerations, pointing to the potential benefits of reaching out to ET intelligence. While Musk acknowledges the challenges and risks involved, he remains optimistic about the possibilities of ET communication. As humanity continues to explore the cosmos, Musk’s vision of contacting ET civilizations will inevitably become a reality, opening up new horizons for the future of our species.

Musk is a complicated, brilliant visionary and realist in space exploration and ET communication.

He obviously has lofty and aggressive goals regarding human progress in space. Musk has also openly shared his thoughts on so-called UFO and ET sightings, even before footage of dozens of mysterious drones appearing on the East Coast went viral.

One thing Musk is sure of, as are most of us, is that a good number of super-secret military programs are always underway. In an interview with Carson Tucker, he stated: “It’s always a bunch of classified programs that are underway…of new aircraft, new missiles, and things, so, they’re classified even in the military. “Some programs are a double secret, meaning even folks familiar with some programs might not be in the loop on others.” “So, if you have a top-secret, compartmented clearance, would you know about this new program?” Maybe not.

For example, say a commercial airline pilot spots something strange mid-air. Naturally, they ask a ground controller, who might have some knowledge of nearby military activity. Depending on clearances, they may all be left in the dark about the odd aircraft hovering or moving, unlike anything familiar.

“Some pilot sees something moving fast and says, ‘Oh yea, I saw a UFO.’ I’m like, yeah, that’s a new weapons program…but we can’t tell you that,” Musk explains.

One of the most intriguing aspects of Musk’s worldview is his thoughts on ET communication through dimensions of consciousness. However, this topic is rarely discussed when discussing Mr. Musk’s endeavors. The subject, in general, however, goes back centuries.

Given Musk’s interest in space exploration and the possibility of life on other planets, it is unsurprising that he has considered the idea of communication with ET beings. However, Musk’s approach to this topic is unique in that he views it through the lens of consciousness and dimensional realities. Musk has suggested that advanced ET civilizations may communicate with us in ways beyond our current understanding, using dimensions of consciousness beyond our physical reality.

In a 2018 interview with Joe Rogan, Musk discussed the concept of higher-dimensional beings communicating with us through what he called “hyperspace.” He posited that these beings may be able to manipulate reality in ways that are incomprehensible to us. They may be trying to communicate with us through subtle signals that we cannot yet perceive. Musk’s ideas on this topic are influenced by his belief in the potential for human consciousness to transcend its current limitations and tap into higher levels of awareness.

In a recent interview, Musk elaborated on his views on ET communication through dimensions of consciousness, suggesting that the key to understanding such communication lies in expanding our consciousness. He proposed that through practices such as meditation and mindfulness, humans may be able to tap into higher-dimensional realities and communicate with beings from other worlds. Musk’s ideas on this topic are rooted in his belief that the nature of reality is far more complex and mysterious than we currently understand and that by expanding our consciousness, we may unlock new modes of communication with other forms of life.

It is important to note that Musk’s views on ET communication through dimensions of consciousness are highly speculative and not supported by mainstream science (yet). However, Musk’s willingness to explore unconventional ideas and push the boundaries of human knowledge sets him apart as a thinker and innovator. His ideas on this topic seem far-fetched to some. Still, they also reflect his deep curiosity about the nature of the universe and his belief in the power of human consciousness to transcend its current limitations.

The exploration of ET communication through dimensions of consciousness raises profound questions about the nature of consciousness itself, the nature of reality, and our place within it. If beings from other dimensions or civilizations can communicate with us through consciousness, what does this imply about the interconnectedness of all life in the universe? Could such communication offer insights into the ultimate nature of reality and the fabric of existence?

Elon Musk’s views on ET communication through consciousness dimensions are fascinating and thought-provoking. While his ideas on this topic may be controversial and speculative, they also reflect his visionary approach to exploring the unknown and pushing the boundaries of human knowledge. Whether or not Musk’s ideas on this topic will ever be proven true remains to be seen. Still, his willingness to consider such possibilities is a testament to his bold and innovative thinking.

The science of ET communication through dimensions of consciousness offers a tantalizing glimpse into a realm of possibilities beyond our current understanding. Drawing insights from quantum physics, parapsychology, and transpersonal psychology, we can begin to explore the theoretical frameworks that may support such communication.  

The quest to communicate with ET beings through dimensions of consciousness stands as a legitimate frontier of exploration. It has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the cosmos and our place within it.

I invite you to visit the ECG Hall of Fame Library to read posts on many other great people of science throughout history.

Sources:

1.Kaku, M. (2014). The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind. Anchor.

2. Radin, D. (2006). Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality. Paraview Pocket Books.
3. Sheldrake, R. (2011). The Sense of Being Stared At: Other Unexplained Powers of Human Minds. Crown.
4. Strassman, R. (2001). DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor’s Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences. Park Street Press.
5. Targ, R., & Katra, J. (1998). Miracles of Mind: Exploring Nonlocal Consciousness and Spiritual Healing. New World Library.
6. Sarah Kennedy. Elon Musk explains mysterious aircraft and his theory on aliens. MSN
7. Rogan, Joe. “Interview with Elon Musk.” The Joe Rogan Experience Podcast, September 2018.
8. Musk, Elon. Personal interviews and statements on ET communication, 2021.
9. Bostrom, Nick. (2008). “Where Are They? Why I hope the search for ET life finds nothing.” MIT Technology Review. [Accessed on September 20, 2021] Available at: https://www.technologyreview.com/2008/07/22/195742/where-are-they/
10. Breakthrough Listen. (H. Nathaniel, Ed.). (2017). The Breakthrough Initiatives: Search for ET Intelligence. John Wiley & Sons.
11. Lemarchand, Guillermo A. (2008). “Towards a ‘protocol’ for SETI.” Acta Astronautica, 63(7-10), 1272-1292.
12. Musk, Elon. (2020). Twitter post on ET communication. [Accessed on September 23, 2021] Available at: https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1345275076984033799
13. Shostak, Seth. (2019). “In the eye of the beholder: New perspectives on ET intelligence.” Acta Astronautica, 155, 88-96.

Pre-Article message to readers and followers:

The Extraterrestrial Communication Group (ECG) website was launched in October 2020. I created it, having never created a website before in my life. The whole thing has been quite the project for me thus far.

The website was initially designed and created to support my first book, “Extraterrestrial Communication Code.” Over the last three years, the ECG website has morphed and matured in many ways. A second book, “Angel Communication Code,” has also been published.

The ECG website has become an educational platform focused on science, science history, religious implications and extraterrestrial communication.

I enjoy the work and research immensely. My goal is to present relevant subject matter in an engaging and thought-provoking way consistent with the Extraterrestrial Communication Group Mission Statement:

The Extraterrestrial Communication Group (ECG) is dedicated to exploring the profound mysteries of the cosmos. We delve into realms that encompass extraterrestrial communication, extraterrestrial contact, the creation of the universe, the divine concept of God, and the intricate tapestry of religious implications woven into the fabric of our existence. Our mission is to foster a community of open-minded thinkers, scientists, theologians, and enthusiasts who share a passion for unraveling the enigmas that transcend our earthly boundaries. – Stephen J. Silva, Founder

I would like to think that my writing skills have matured and improved over the years. The article below, “Extraterrestrial Big Stick Diplomacy 2.0”, is a re-write of the ECG website’s first post uploaded on November 1, 2020.  I thought it an appropriate target for a re-write given the current geopolitical state of the world.

Extraterrestrial Big Stick Diplomacy – 2.0

Big stick diplomacy, a term coined by President Theodore Roosevelt in the early 20th century, refers to using military power to coerce or intimidate other nations into following a particular course of action.

While this approach has been criticized for its aggressive and unilateral nature, it has also been praised for its success in maintaining peace and stability in the face of uncertainty and conflict. In the context of extraterrestrial encounters, the principles of big stick diplomacy can offer valuable insights into how humans may respond to the presence of extraterrestrial civilizations.

“It is not the critic who counts: not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles or where the doer of deeds could have done better.

The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes up short again and again, because there is no effort without error or shortcoming, but who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause; who, at the best, knows, in the end, the triumph of high achievement, and who, at the worst, if he fails, at least he fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who knew neither victory nor defeat.” 

—Theodore Roosevelt. Speech at the Sorbonne, Paris, April 23, 1910

Given the vastness of the universe and the sheer number of potentially habitable planets, it is reasonable to expect that it is only a matter of time before we contact other intelligent beings.  When this momentous occasion finally occurs in the open view of the general public, humanity will be faced with unprecedented challenges and opportunities.

As we begin to discuss this topic, it’s appropriate to first understand what an extraterrestrial might look like and their behavior and demeanor. What can we expect? The answer is that we can expect anything and everything a person’s imagination can conjure up. The possibilities are without bounds.

Communication with an extraterrestrial species will most likely be from a planet that will have a diversity of cultures living within that planet. Those cultures may look similar but with regional differences, much like the diversity of humans on Earth. We can also expect these extraterrestrials to live on a planet with many different creatures and plant types, much like we do on Earth.

They must have homes where they raise their children, prepare meals and sleep. We expect that they will go to school and have jobs. They will likely have a societal structure and system of government, play games, laugh, and cry. They will probably have and do everything we do here on Earth.

This does not imply that they will be like human animals. We can expect them to survive in a different planetary ecological environment; as such, the diversity of plants and animals would be very different from that of Earth.

The day will come when contact and communication with extraterrestrials will be established and familiarized. Humans and all animals of earth are threatened and afraid of things they do not understand. Extraterrestrials probably possess those same survival instincts.

When the day of communication with extraterrestrials comes, I’m sure we will be afraid and take a cautiously optimistic approach to growing a relationship with them. They will probably do the same.

One of the key questions that will arise in the event of extraterrestrial contact is how to communicate with our extraterrestrial neighbors. Efforts have been made to establish protocols and guidelines for such encounters. However, we have yet to determine how extraterrestrial beings will react.

Will they be friendly and welcoming, or will they view us as a threat to be neutralized? In the absence of concrete information, it is natural for humans to be wary of the unknown and to prepare for the worst scenario.

This is where consideration of using the concept of big-stick diplomacy comes into play. In the face of potential extraterrestrial threats, some may argue that the best action is demonstrating our military strength to deter aggression and ensure our survival. Suppose we adopt a posture of strength and assertiveness.

In that case, we can signal to extraterrestrial civilizations that we are not to be trifled. We can signal that any hostile actions will be met with swift and decisive retaliation. We can choose to aggressively demonstrate our willingness to defend ourselves at all costs. In this way, we may be able to deter potential cosmic adversaries from engaging in hostile behavior.

President Ronald Regan’s “Peace through Strength” approach, if you will. It works here on Earth, but what about with beings not on this Earth?

“Perhaps we need some outside universal threat to make us recognize this common bond. I occasionally think how quickly our differences worldwide would vanish if we were facing an alien threat from outside this world.” Ronal Regan. United Nations speech- 1987

My favorite president, however, has always been Theodore Roosevelt. There are many reasons for this. One of the most important is his “big stick” foreign diplomacy policy of “speak softly and carry a big stick.”” He coined the phrase “Big Stick diplomacy” at a State fair in Minnesota in 1901.

He then demonstrated to the world what the USA’s big Stick looked like by showcasing America’s naval fleet (the “great white fleet”) all over the globe. Roosevelt applied his “big stick” diplomacy tactics in numerous critical foreign diplomacy situations including:

1. Making a USA favorable agreement for the construction of the Panama Canal
2. Increased American influence over Cuba
3. The creation of a peace treaty between Russia and Japan. This effort won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize.

Big Stick is a self-explanatory policy that has proven to be a practical approach to international diplomacy for the U.S. Government (and others) over the years. However, we must be cautious about this approach in the context of extraterrestrial communication.  

Humans will probably be disadvantaged in the extraterrestrial Big Stick game. If the extraterrestrials are not friendly, there is probably not much we can effectively do about it. Hopefully, they will not take a “big stick” approach with us. Their Stick will be bigger than ours. Threatening use of military power in the context of extraterrestrial encounters has risks. 

For one, the sheer technological superiority of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations means that our weapons and defenses may need to be more effective against their capabilities. Extraterrestrial beings may possess technologies and weapons far beyond our comprehension. This would make our military posturing futile and dangerous.

Additionally, using the threat force escalates tensions. It could lead to unintended consequences. The Big Stick approach on extraterrestrials could backfire on us.

That said, I choose to be optimistic about the inevitable encounter. Consider however, that an optimist designed the airplane, but a pessimist invented the parachute.

What would I do if I met an extraterrestrial and we could talk to each other? I think I would ask my new extraterrestrial friend if he (or she or it) believes in God. 

Humans have historically gone to war and persecuted people most horribly and painfully over disagreements on the subject of religious beliefs. We still do that to this day. I wonder what “people” from other planets and galaxies think about that concept.

Can you imagine the implications if the extraterrestrial told a story about a religious belief that was consistent with that of Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, or any other earthly religious faith? They may have something completely different, or perhaps nothing at all. We just don’t know right now.

Furthermore, the principles of big stick diplomacy may not be applicable in a scenario where extraterrestrial beings are peaceful and benevolent. If extraterrestrials come to Earth to establish friendly relations and share knowledge and resources, our aggressive posture may be perceived as a sign of hostility and mistrust.

A more diplomatic and conciliatory approach may be necessary to build trust and foster cooperation between humans and extraterrestrials. Demonstrating a willingness to engage in dialogue and negotiation will show our extraterrestrial counterparts that we are open to peaceful coexistence and mutual benefit.

Humans always seem to rely on military posturing and conflict to establish relationships between the nations of Earth. The threat of conflict always hangs over our heads. The concept of big stick diplomacy offers only one approach for how humans may respond to the presence of extraterrestrial civilizations. There are other ways as well.

There is no question that superior military is an effective deterrent against possible threats. It also carries significant risks and limitations. It would be more prudent to approach extraterrestrial encounters with caution, humility, and openness to peaceful resolution.

Maybe the time has come to focus on a “Cosmic Strength through Peace” versus a “Peace through Strength” approach as we enter the community of the cosmos. Then again, perhaps that is too idealistic, and we should develop a bigger cosmic stick to carry around when the extraterrestrials show themselves.  What do you think?

Sources:

– Goldrosen, John. (2009). Extraterrestrial Contact: Diplomacy & Negotiation Strategies for Peaceful Relations. New York: HarperCollins.

– Roosevelt, Theodore. (1901). “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick: An Analysis of Foreign Policy Strategies.” Journal of International Relations, 3(2), 45-61.

– Shostak, Seth. (2015). The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Extraterrestrial Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The United States has a long history of achievement in space exploration, with milestones ranging from the 1969 Moon landing to the establishment of the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS was launched on November 20, 1998. This was the first year of President Bill Clinton’s second term. The first ISS module, Zarya (“Sunrise”), was launched by a Russian Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. This marked the beginning of assembling the ISS in low Earth orbit.

The United States has been a significant player in the ISS program since its inception. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been responsible for several critical components and contributions:

• NASA has developed and launched multiple ISS modules and components, including the Destiny laboratory module, the Unity node, and the Quest airlock.
• NASA astronauts have been part of every expedition to the ISS since the first long-term residents, Expedition 1, arrived in November 2000. They conduct scientific research, maintain the station, and perform spacewalks.
• NASA provides essential logistics support, including cargo resupply missions using spacecraft like SpaceX’s Dragon and Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus.
• NASA works closely with international partners, including Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada), to ensure the smooth operation and continued success of the ISS.

The ISS is a triumph of international cooperation and scientific achievement, with contributions from multiple countries and space agencies.

The Extraterrestrial Communication Group (ECG) website generally does not report on political subjects. We have written about many topics and people of science, which can be found on our Hall of Fame Library page. Our focus rarely involves politics. Space policy, however, has become an increasingly essential issue in US politics in recent years.

As you might expect, President Donald Trump and President Joe Biden have different approaches and priorities regarding space exploration and program development.

One of the most significant differences between Trump and Biden regarding space policy is their overall vision for the future of space exploration. Trump has been a strong advocate for the revitalization of the US space program, focusing on human space exploration and the return of American astronauts to the Moon.

The United States Space Force (USSF), the newest US Armed Forces branch, was established on December 20, 2019. It was completed by signing the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020. Trump’s final year of his first term as President. The creation of the Space Force marks a significant milestone in the history of the United States military. It represents a recognition of the growing importance of space as a domain for military operations. The US Space Force website is now on the ECG Space News and Links web page.

The primary mission of the Space Force is to organize, train, and equip space forces to protect US and allied interests in space. This includes providing space-based capabilities such as satellite communications, navigation, and surveillance and defending US assets in space from emerging threats such as anti-satellite weapons and cyber-attacks. The Space Force also supports joint military operations on Earth by providing space-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities.

One of the fundamental challenges facing the Space Force is the need to develop new technologies and capabilities to maintain US military superiority in space. This includes investments in advanced satellite systems, space-based sensors, and defensive systems to protect US assets in orbit. The Space Force is also tasked with developing a group of highly skilled space professionals who can operate complex space systems and respond to emerging threats in the space domain.

The Space Force has established several primary goals and objectives to meet these challenges. These include:

1. Building a resilient and agile space architecture that can withstand attacks and disruptions.
2. Strengthening partnerships with other US government agencies, allies, and commercial partners to enhance space operations.
3. Developing a culture of innovation and collaboration to foster the development of new technologies and capabilities.
4. Recruiting, training, and retaining a diverse and highly skilled workforce of space professionals.

The Space Force has established several organizational components to achieve these goals, including headquarters staff, field commands, and space operations centers. These organizations work together to plan, coordinate, and execute space operations supporting US national security objectives.

The Space Force also works closely with other US military services, such as the Air Force and the Army, to integrate space capabilities into joint military operations. This includes providing space-based support to troops on the ground and coordinating with other military services to ensure the seamless integration of space capabilities into the overall military strategy.

In addition to its military mission, the Space Force also plays a key role in supporting civil and commercial space activities.

This includes providing space situational awareness (SSA) services to track objects in orbit and prevent collisions and helping NASA and other government agencies in their space exploration efforts.

Creating the Space Force recognizes space’s vital role in modern military operations. By developing new technologies, capabilities, and partnerships, the Space Force is positioning the US to achieve and maintain military dominance in space and protect its interests in the final frontier.

Trump’s vision for space exploration is squarely focused on expanding American leadership in space and promoting American interests beyond Earth. This is consistent with his “America First” agenda. His administration has also pushed to create the Artemis program.

The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program led by NASA, formally established in 2017 via Space Policy Directive-1. This was Trump’s first year as President. It is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the Apollo 17 mission in1972. The program’s long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate human missions to Mars.

In contrast, Biden’s approach to space policy is more focused on international cooperation and the peaceful use of outer space. Biden has supported continued US participation in the International Space Station and collaboration with global partners on scientific research and space exploration. He has also emphasized monitoring climate change and environmental issues through space technology. Biden’s vision for space exploration is more aligned with global cooperation and promoting scientific research and environmental protection.

Another key difference between Trump and Biden on space policy is their approach to commercial space activities. Under the Trump administration, there has been a significant push to promote the commercialization of space, with initiatives such as the Commercial Crew Program.

The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) provides commercially operated crew transportation services to and from the International Space Station (ISS) under contract to NASA, conducting crew rotations between the expeditions of the International Space Station program. American space manufacturer SpaceX began providing this service in 2020, using the 

Crew Dragon spacecraft, and NASA plans to add Boeing when its Boeing Starliner spacecraft becomes operational no earlier than 2025.

NASA has contracted six operational missions from Boeing and fourteen from SpaceX, ensuring sufficient support for the ISS through 2030.

Trump has also supported private companies such as SpaceX in their efforts to develop commercial space travel and space tourism. Trump’s approach to space policy is focused on leveraging the private sector’s capabilities to drive innovation and reduce costs in space exploration.

On the other hand, Biden has taken a more cautious approach to commercial space activities, advocating for stronger government regulation and oversight of private space companies. Biden has expressed concerns about the potential for commercial space activities to create environmental risks and security threats and has called for greater transparency and accountability in the commercial space sector. Biden’s approach to space policy is more focused on balancing the benefits of commercial space activities with the need to protect the environment.

Trump and Biden also have different approaches to space policy regarding funding and budget priorities. Under the Trump administration, there has been a significant increase in space exploration and development funding, focusing on the Artemis program and the Space Force. Trump has prioritized space exploration as a national security and economic priority and has allocated significant resources to advance American capabilities in space.

In contrast, Biden has focused on scientific research and environmental monitoring. Biden has emphasized the importance of investing in education and workforce development to ensure a future strong and diverse space industry. Biden’s approach to space policy is more focused on using space technology to benefit a global society and promote a sustainable and equitable space program.

Ultimately, the future of US space policy will depend on the choices made by Trump’s second administration. The direction of the US space program will obviously have important implications for the country’s leadership in space exploration and development moving into the future.

Enormous government investment supports outer space activities, and the US president obviously has a critical role in shaping space policy during their time in office.

In 2023, government space budgets reached a record-breaking $117 billion, marking a growth of over 15% compared to the previous year. With an estimated value of almost $59 billion, defense expenditure has surpassed investments in civil programs, which is a historic first for the sector.

Past presidents have leveraged this power to accelerate US leadership in space and boost their presidential brand. Presidential advocacy has helped the US land astronauts on the surface of the Moon, established lasting international partnerships with civil space agencies abroad, and led to many other essential space milestones.

But the 2024 election was different. Both candidates have executive records in space policy, a rare measuring stick for space enthusiasts who cast their votes back in November.

A closer look shows that former President Donald Trump and Vice President Kamala Harris have used their positions to consistently prioritize US leadership in space. Still, they have done so with noticeably different styles and results.

As President, Trump established a record of meaningful and lasting space policy decisions but did so while attracting more attention to his administration’s activities than his predecessors. 

President Trump oversaw the establishment of the US Space Force and reestablishing the US Space Command and the National Space Council. He has called his advocacy for creating the Space Force one of his proudest achievements of his term.

These organizations support the development and operation of military space technologies, defend national security satellites in future conflicts, and coordinate between federal agencies in the space domain. President Trump has the most productive record of space policy directives in recent history. These directives clarify the US government’s role in space, including how it should support and rely on the commercial space sector, track objects in Earth’s orbit, and protect satellites from cyber threats.

In President Trump’s second term, we should expect that Trump will accelerate NASA’s Moon plans by furthering investment in the agency’s Artemis program. How he does that is the question.

The Biden administration has continued to support Trump’s first-term initiatives, resisting the partisan temptation to undo or cancel Trump’s past proposals. That also tells us something. Biden’s legacy in space is noticeably smaller than Trump’s.

Vice President Harris has set US space policy priorities as chair of the National Space Council and represented the United States on the global stage. In this role, Harris led the United States’ commitment to refrain from testing weapons in space that produce dangerous, long-lasting space debris. This decision marks an achievement for the US in keeping space operations sustainable and setting an example for others in the international space community.

Like some Trump administration space policy priorities, not all of Harris’ proposals found support in Washington. For example, the council’s plan to establish a framework for comprehensively regulating commercial space activities in the US stalled in Congress.

As Vice President, J.D. Vance will assume the chairmanship of the National Space Council, assuming Trump decides to keep it. Unlike Trump’s first-term vice president, Mike Pence, was a noted space supporter with a personal passion for the subject.  Vance shows no obvious enthusiasm for space matters.

Space has increased in political prominence over the past decade as a national security imperative and a strategic domestic industry. We can expect space to remain high-status in the second Trump term, regardless of J.D. Vance’s unenthusiastic position. We can look to his first term and the statements made during the campaign as evidence.

NASA, however, will not be the exclusive beneficiary of this. Given the anticipated reduction to the civil service workforce, budget cuts, and contracting the effort of sending humans to Mars to SpaceX, NASA’s funding is more likely to be reallocated. 

Trump’s engagement with Elon Musk as the guy to identify unnecessary government spending is a risky move regarding the management of space budgets. It opens the door wide for conflict-of-interest issues.

Musk’s SpaceX and Starlink programs would most certainly benefit from diverting NASA budgets to the private sector. They already do, but that benefit may significantly increase.

In the modern era, the terms “Space” and “NASA” are no longer exclusive to each other. The rapid maturation of the commercial space sector and SpaceX’s unprecedented innovation have ended NASA’s monopoly on space exploration. The trend toward contracting commercial services is expected to grow, and private sector space organizations will be given more incentives to prove themselves space-worthy.

To put the dollars in perspective, here are some 2025 budget numbers to consider:

NASA’s 2025 budget is 25.4 billion dollars, which is approximately 0.42% of the national budget. This is a 15% increase over 2024. The Space Force portion of the 2025 Defense budget is 29.4 billion dollars, which is approximately 0.49% of the national budget. This is a 2% increase over 2024. The 54.8 billion combined budget is less than 1% of the total national budget of approximately 6.1 trillion dollars. Small percentages but still quite a bit of money.

Policy changes will likely shape NASA’s future under the Trump administration. These changes will likely reduce NASA’s ability to directly pursue its space exploration goals. NASA will likely be transformed and made leaner. It could become a pass-through funding source for the private sector space industry rather than one of direct engagement.

Whether NASA should become a budget pass-through agency for the private space industry is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration of the benefits and drawbacks for both NASA and the private space sector. There are valid arguments on both sides of the debate.

The decision should be guided by the overarching goal of advancing space exploration and research for the benefit of humanity. The priority, however, in my opinion, should not lose focus on the need for national defense from our enemies here on Earth and perhaps enemies not of this Earth out there in the universe. It is the world we have always lived in except for now we are doing it outside the atmosphere in the “Final Frontier”.

Sources:

• Astronomy. Opinion: An international affairs expert breaks down Harris and Trump’s records on space policy. Thomas G. Roberts, The Conversation November 1, 2024.
• United States Space Force, “About Us,” www.spaceforce.mil
• United States Department of Defense, “Space Policy,” www.defense.gov
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), “Exploration and Discovery,” www.nasa.gov
• NOVASPACE.  December 19, 2023. A new historic high for government space spending is driven mainly by defense expenditures.
• Casey Dreier. November 14, 2024. The Planetary Society. What to watch for in a second Trump Administration. Suitable for space, bad for NASA?

Nancy Grace Roman was a pioneering astronomer. She is best remembered for being the first chief of astronomy in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters. She was the first woman to hold an executive position at NASA.

Roman was born May 16, 1925, in Nashville, Tennessee, and died December 25, 2018. Her managed NASA projects included the world-famous Hubble Space Telescope, earning her the nickname “Mother of Hubble.”

From a young age, Roman showed an interest in astronomy. At night, she gazed at the sky with her mother to learn about constellations. When she was 11 years old, she organized an astronomy club with her classmates in Reno, Nevada. In this club, they learned about constellations and celestial objects from a book.

By the time she reached high school, Roman realized that she had a passion for astronomy and committed to pursuing it as a career. Her academic prowess was highlighted when she participated in an accelerated program and graduated from Baltimore’s Western High School in only three years.

Roman received her bachelor’s degree from Swarthmore College in 1946 and finished her doctorate at the University of Chicago. She attempted to complete her thesis under an unsupportive supervisor. The department told her to leave without completing the degree, but she persisted and finished in 1949. She stayed at the university for another six years, working at the Yerkes Observatory and sometimes the McDonald Observatory in Texas.

During this period, she observed the star AG Draconis and discovered that its emission spectrum had wholly changed compared to earlier observations. This discovery helped to raise her profile within the astronomical community.

As a female in astronomy, Dr. Roman faced many challenges throughout her career. From a young age, she was discouraged from going into astronomy by those around her. She struggled with the field of astronomy’s male dominance and the roles perceived as appropriate for women. During her time at the University of Chicago, it became evident that due to her gender, she would not obtain tenure, and as such, she left.

After leaving the University of Chicago, she worked at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) from 1955 to 1959. There, she entered the new field of radio astronomy. During her time at NRL, she used non-thermal radio source spectra and conducted geodetic work. Within this program, she became the head of the microwave spectroscopy section. Her experience at NRL helped her adapt to an engineering environment, which became essential in her future career.

Nancy Grace Roman stands next to a scale model of the Hubble Space Telescope outside the Hubble control center at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

 

While attending a lecture by Harold Urey, Dr. Roman was approached by Jack Clark, who asked if she knew anyone interested in creating a program for space-based astronomy at NASA. She took this inquiry by Clark as an invitation to apply. In early 1959, six months after NASA was formed, she joined the team. She held various other positions at NASA, including Chief of Astronomy and Solar Physics and Chief of Astronomy and Relativity.

Part of Dr. Roman’s job included planning a program of satellites and rockets. She also administered a significant grant program to support the astronomical community. One of the biggest challenges of her career was getting the Hubble Space Telescope approved by the U.S. Congress. Through her work with this mission, she was coined “the mother of Hubble” by her colleagues, specifically by Edward J. Weiler. Weiler her successor at NASA as Chief of Astronomy following her retirement in 1979.

Nancy Grace Roman briefs Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin on celestial objects in Washington, D.C., 1965. Buzz Aldrin would complete three spacewalks and become the second person to walk on the Moon.

When asked what she thought was the most exciting discovery by Hubble, her reply was, “Dark energy”!

Hubble confirmed the astounding initial measurements that the universe’s expansion was accelerating and extended those measurements to higher redshifts. In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength and a corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). The opposite change, a reduction in wavelength and increase in frequency and power, is known as a blueshift or negative redshift.  These discoveries excited Dr. Roman, as well as the entire astronomical community.

Dr. Roman’s contributions to astrophysics have had a lasting impact on the field. Her groundbreaking work on the Hubble Space Telescope paved the way for new discoveries in astronomy and cosmology, shaping our understanding of the universe. She was a fierce advocate for science education and public outreach. Roman’s advocacy for women in science also inspired future generations of female scientists to pursue careers in astrophysics and related fields.

“One of the reasons I like working with schools is to try to convince women that they can be scientists, and that science can be fun”. -Nancy Roman

She believed in sharing the wonders of the universe with the general public and worked tirelessly to promote science literacy and education. Roman’s dedication to outreach and education has inspired countless individuals to pursue careers in science and technology.

Nancy Grace Roman was a visionary scientist whose pioneering work in astrophysics has profoundly impacted our understanding of the universe. Her leadership in developing the Hubble Space Telescope has revolutionized the field of astronomy, opening up new horizons for exploration and discovery. Roman’s legacy as the “Mother of Hubble” will continue to inspire future scientists to push the boundaries of human knowledge and understanding.

“My career was quite unusual, so my main advice to someone interested in a career similar to my own is to remain open to change and new opportunities. I like to tell students that the jobs I took after my Ph.D. were not in existence only a few years before”. – Nancy Roman

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is named in her honor. It is currently under development and scheduled for launch in 2026 or 2027.

 

Dr. Nancy Grace Roman has been officially inducted into the ECG Hall of Fame: Women of Science.

Sources:

1. Elizabeth Howell (March 8, 2024) Space.com. 20 trailblazing women in astronomy and astrophysics

2. NASA Science Editorial Team (May 20, 1921). Nancy Grace Roman’s Legacy